Education for all: What hope?

Simon Marcus Gower , Contributor , Jakarta | Thu, 01/22/2009 4:36 PM | Supplement
Just over 60 years ago, (Dec. 10, 1948), the United Nations produced a noble document -- the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Article 26 of the Declaration addresses education. Indonesia in 1945, made a constitutional commitment to education.
Both documents contain commitments to education for all. Article 31 of the Constitution notes that education is the right of every citizen. That every citizen is obligated to enroll in primary education and the government should pay for this education, and that government must plan/provide a national education; allocating at least 20 percent of the state budget to education.
Article 26 of the Declaration states similar goals: "Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages." It is interesting to note what the United Nations' Assembly went on to ask of its member states.
The assembly wanted each member state to publicize the text. It sought that the Declaration be disseminated and learned "principally in schools and other educational institutions". Sixty years ago, then, the aim was for the Declaration to be learned, understood and acted upon/achieved.
So too the intention of the Constitution was to realize goals; but 60 plus years on can it be said that these goals have been realized? Certainly many more people have access to education than in the mid- to late 1940s, but in Indonesia is every citizen receiving their right to education?
Both the Declaration and the Constitution speak of what kind of education should be provided. The Constitution outlines empowerment -- education that empowers people in faith, intelligence and goodwill. The aim is clear enough -- people that can, via education, do and achieve but understand their role in society.
The Declaration prescribes that education should target the "full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms". Both documents are promoting a "well-rounded", "full" education. This connotes a quality education -- education of depth and breadth.
A third clause of Article 26 the Declaration proposes: "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children." Again noble but again we must wonder how close to provision the world is some 60 years on.
Indonesia has made vast improvements in 60 plus years of potential application of the Constitution. Before independence few had access to highly elite education far from the social aims and gains envisaged in the Constitution and Declaration. But education for all, access to quality/full education (early years to high school) and parents choosing the education they want for their children: these things seem remote.
Just look at Jakarta to see how children are not getting the education they have "constitutional" and "declared" rights to. So many children live on the streets, trying to scratch out a living begging, singing/playing music or selling newspapers.
Too often it is possible to see children who have not completed basic education and have been forced, far too early, into work. Children acting as bus conductors or impromptu traffic controllers are not doing these things by choice but out of financial necessity and lack of opportunity to stay in school.
Indonesia has seen growth in quality schools but relatively these are a minority. Widespread access to quality schools, (and access here means financial access), is not there and this means an educational divide may grow.
The gap between haves and have-nots seems to grow and, in uncertain economic times, the extremes of those that can afford quality education and those that cannot are only likely to be accentuated.
Sixty plus years on from the Declaration of Human Rights and establishment of the Constitution, Indonesia is in another year of presidential elections. All of the candidates should commit to education for all and, when in office, this should be one of the most severe measurements of success or failure.
The American author Ralph Ellison noted: "Education is all a matter of building bridges". The next president should be a "bridge builder" and his/her term in office should be judged on how well it has built bridges for all Indonesians to have access to a full, quality education.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

THE 'ZERO' CONDITIONAL

1. Form

In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains	simple present it melts. you get wet

NOTE: The order of the clauses is not fixed - the 'if' clause can be first or second:

• Ice melts if you heat it.
• You get wet if it rains.

2. Function

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are used to make statements about the real world, and often refer to general truths, such as scientific facts.

Examples:

a. If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.
b. Plants die if they don't get enough water.
c. If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.
d. If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
e. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

This structure is often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause:

• If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
• Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.

'IF' SENTENCES AND THE 'UNREAL' PAST

In this section you will find information on sentences containing the word 'if', the use of conditional tenses, and the 'unreal past', that is, when we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to past time.

IF AND THE CONDITIONAL

There are four main types of 'if' sentences in English:

1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains	simple present it melts. you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.

2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry	Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.

3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier	Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.

4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder	Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

A further type if 'if' sentence exists, where Type 2 and Type 3 are mixed. The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map	Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.

In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

1. Form
In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry	Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

2. Function
In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings:

• If you don't leave, I'll call the police.
• If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!

Examples:

• If you drop that glass, it will break.
• Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
• If I have time, I'll finish that letter.
• What will you do if you miss the plane?

NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:

• If you drop that glass, it might break.
• I may finish that letter if I have time.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Form

In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier	Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

Present conditional, form

The present conditional of any verb is composed of two parts - the modal auxiliary would + the infinitive of the main verb (without 'to'.)

Subject	would	infinitive without to
She	would	learn

Affirmative
I	would	go
Negative
I	wouldn't	ask
Interrogative
Would	she	come?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	they	accept?

Would: Contractions of would

In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd.

I'd	We'd
you'd	you'd
he'd, she'd	they'd

The negative contraction = wouldn't.

Example: to accept, Present conditional

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would accept	I wouldn't accept	Would I accept?
You would accept	You wouldn't accept	Would you accept?
He would accept	She wouldn't accept	Would he accept?
We would accept	We wouldn't accept	Would we accept?
You would accept	You wouldn't accept	Would you accept?
They would accept	They wouldn't accept	Would they accept?

2. Function

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense after 'if' indicates unreality. We can nearly always add a phrase starting with "but", that expresses the real situation:

• If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is bad, so we can't go)
• If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone £100. (...but I'm not, so I won't)

Examples of use:

1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is possible:

I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some time)

2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never could be real:

If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you)

Examples:

a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain.
b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.
c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar.
e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?
f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her
g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money

NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was".

PRESENT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL

In type 2 conditional sentences, the continuous form of the present conditional may be used:

If I were a millionaire, I wouldn't be doing this job!

1. Present continuous conditional - form.
This form is composed of two elements: the present conditional of the verb 'to be' (would be) + the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).

Subject	would be	base+ing
He They	would be would be	going living
Affirmative
We	would be	coming
Negative
You	wouldn't be	working
Interrogative
Would	you be	sharing?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	they be	playing?

Example: to live, Present continuous conditional.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would be living	I wouldn't be living	Would I be living?
You would be living	You wouldn't be living	Would you be living?
He would be living	She wouldn't be living	Would he be living?
We would be living	We wouldn't be living	Would we be living?
You would be living	You wouldn't be living	Would you be living?
They would be living	They wouldn't be living	Would they be living?

2. Present continuous conditional - function
This form is common in Type 2 conditional sentences. It expresses an unfinished or continuing action or situation, which is the probable result of an unreal condition:

• I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian.
  (but I don't speak Italian, so I am not working in Italy.
• She would be living with Jack if she wasn't living with her parents.
  (but she is living with her parents so she's not living with Jack).

More examples:

• I wouldn't be eating this if I wasn't extremely hungry.
• If I had an exam tomorrow, I'd be revising now.
• You wouldn't be smiling if you knew the truth.

NOTE: This form is also found in: mixed conditional sentences (See section on Mixed Conditional Sentences); in indirect speech:

She said "I'll be working in the garden." She said she would be working in the garden.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Form
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder	Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.

Perfect conditional - form
The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle):

Subject	would	perfect infinitive
He They	would would	have gone... have stayed...
Affirmative
I	would	have believed ...
Negative
She	wouldn't	have given...
Interrogative
Would	you	have left...?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	he	have been...?

Example: to go, Past conditional

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would have gone	I wouldn't have gone	Would I have gone?
You would have gone	You wouldn't have gone	Would you have gone?
He would have gone	She wouldn't have gone	Would it have gone?
We would have gone	We wouldn't have gone	Would we have gone?
You would have gone	You wouldn't have gone	Would you have gone?
They would have gone	They wouldn't have gone	Would they have gone?

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.

Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken "but..." phrase:

• If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam
  (but I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the exam).
• If I'd known you were coming I'd have baked a cake
  (but I didn't know, and I haven't baked a cake).

NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in the IF-clause, so in the example above, "If I'd known" must be "If I had known", and "I'd have baked" must be "I would have baked.."

Examples:

a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.
c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't have lost the game.
d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd have sent you an e-mail.
e. Would you have bought an elephant if you'd known how much they eat?

PERFECT CONDITIONAL, CONTINUOUS

1. Perfect conditional, continuous - Form
This tense is composed of two elements: the perfect condtional of the verb 'to be' (would have been) + the present participle (base+ing).

Subject	would have been	base+ing
I We	would have been would have been	sitting swimming
Affirmative
I	would have been	studying.
Negative
You	wouldn't have been	living.
Interrogative
Would	we have been	travelling?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	it have been	working?

Examples: to work, Past continuous conditional

Affirmative	Negative
I would have been working	I wouldn't have been working
You would have been working	You wouldn't have been working.
He would have been working	She wouldn't have been working
We would have been working	We wouldn't have been working
You would have been working	You wouldn't have been working
They would have been working	They wouldn't have been working
Interrogative	Interrogative negative
Would I have been working?	Wouldn't I have been working?
Would you have been working?	Wouldn't you have been working?
Would he have been working?	Wouldn't she have been working?
Would we have been working?	Wouldn't we have been working?
Would you have been working?	Wouldn't you have been working?
Would they have been working?	Wouldn't they have been working?

2. Function
This tense can be used in Type 3 conditional sentences. It refers to the unfulfilled result of the action in the if-clause, and expresses this result as an unfinished or continuous action. Again, there is always an unspoken "but.." phrase:

• If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), I'd have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn't and so I didn't see him).
• If she hadn't got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn't).

Examples:

• If I'd had a ball I would have been playing football.
• If I'd had any money I'd have been drinking with my friends in the pub that night.
• If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff.
• She wouldn't have been wearing a seat-belt if her father hadn't told her to.

MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

It is possible for the two parts of a conditional sentence to refer to different times, and the resulting sentence is a "mixed conditional" sentence. There are two types of mixed conditional sentence:

A. Present result of past condition:

1. Form
The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map	Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.

2. Function
In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. They express a situation which is contrary to reality both in the past and in the present:
'If I had worked harder at school' is contrary to past fact - I didn't work hard at school, and 'I would have a better job now' is contrary to present fact - I haven't got a good job.
If we had looked at the map (we didn't), we wouldn't be lost (we are lost).

Examples:

• I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job.
• If you'd caught that plane you'd be dead now.
• If you hadn't spent all your money on CDs, you wouldn't be broke.

B. Past result of present or continuing condition.

1. Form
The tense in the If-clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If I wasn't afraid of spiders If we didn't trust him	Perfect conditional I would have picked it up. we would have sacked him months ago.

2. Function
In these sentences the time in the If-clause is now or always, and the time in the main clause is before now. They refer to an unreal present situation and its probable (but unreal) past result:

• 'If I wasn't afraid of spiders' is contrary to present reality - I am afraid of spiders, and 'I would have picked it up' is contrary to past reality - I didn't pick it up.
• 'If we didn't trust him' is contrary to present reality - we do trust him, and 'we would have sacked him' is contrary to past reality - we haven't sacked him.

Examples:

a. If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat.
b. I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.
c. If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch.
d. If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by now.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

THE 'ZERO' CONDITIONAL

1. Form

In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains	simple present it melts. you get wet

NOTE: The order of the clauses is not fixed - the 'if' clause can be first or second:

• Ice melts if you heat it.
• You get wet if it rains.

2. Function

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are used to make statements about the real world, and often refer to general truths, such as scientific facts.

Examples:

a. If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.
b. Plants die if they don't get enough water.
c. If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.
d. If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
e. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

This structure is often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause:

• If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
• Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.

'IF' SENTENCES AND THE 'UNREAL' PAST

In this section you will find information on sentences containing the word 'if', the use of conditional tenses, and the 'unreal past', that is, when we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to past time.

IF AND THE CONDITIONAL

There are four main types of 'if' sentences in English:

1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains	simple present it melts. you get wet

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.

2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry	Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.

3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier	Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.

4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder	Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.

A further type if 'if' sentence exists, where Type 2 and Type 3 are mixed. The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map	Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.

In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

1. Form
In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future

'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry	Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

2. Function
In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings:

• If you don't leave, I'll call the police.
• If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!

Examples:

• If you drop that glass, it will break.
• Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
• If I have time, I'll finish that letter.
• What will you do if you miss the plane?

NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:

• If you drop that glass, it might break.
• I may finish that letter if I have time.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Form

In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If it rained If you went to bed earlier	Present conditional you would get wet you wouldn't be so tired.

Present conditional, form

The present conditional of any verb is composed of two parts - the modal auxiliary would + the infinitive of the main verb (without 'to'.)

Subject	would	infinitive without to
She	would	learn

Affirmative
I	would	go
Negative
I	wouldn't	ask
Interrogative
Would	she	come?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	they	accept?

Would: Contractions of would

In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd.

I'd	We'd
you'd	you'd
he'd, she'd	they'd

The negative contraction = wouldn't.

Example: to accept, Present conditional

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would accept	I wouldn't accept	Would I accept?
You would accept	You wouldn't accept	Would you accept?
He would accept	She wouldn't accept	Would he accept?
We would accept	We wouldn't accept	Would we accept?
You would accept	You wouldn't accept	Would you accept?
They would accept	They wouldn't accept	Would they accept?

2. Function

In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense after 'if' indicates unreality. We can nearly always add a phrase starting with "but", that expresses the real situation:

• If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is bad, so we can't go)
• If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone £100. (...but I'm not, so I won't)

Examples of use:

1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is possible:

I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some time)

2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never could be real:

If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you)

Examples:

a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain.
b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.
c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar.
e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?
f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her
g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money

NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was".

PRESENT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL

In type 2 conditional sentences, the continuous form of the present conditional may be used:

If I were a millionaire, I wouldn't be doing this job!

1. Present continuous conditional - form.
This form is composed of two elements: the present conditional of the verb 'to be' (would be) + the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).

Subject	would be	base+ing
He They	would be would be	going living
Affirmative
We	would be	coming
Negative
You	wouldn't be	working
Interrogative
Would	you be	sharing?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	they be	playing?

Example: to live, Present continuous conditional.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would be living	I wouldn't be living	Would I be living?
You would be living	You wouldn't be living	Would you be living?
He would be living	She wouldn't be living	Would he be living?
We would be living	We wouldn't be living	Would we be living?
You would be living	You wouldn't be living	Would you be living?
They would be living	They wouldn't be living	Would they be living?

2. Present continuous conditional - function
This form is common in Type 2 conditional sentences. It expresses an unfinished or continuing action or situation, which is the probable result of an unreal condition:

• I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian.
  (but I don't speak Italian, so I am not working in Italy.
• She would be living with Jack if she wasn't living with her parents.
  (but she is living with her parents so she's not living with Jack).

More examples:

• I wouldn't be eating this if I wasn't extremely hungry.
• If I had an exam tomorrow, I'd be revising now.
• You wouldn't be smiling if you knew the truth.

NOTE: This form is also found in: mixed conditional sentences (See section on Mixed Conditional Sentences); in indirect speech:

She said "I'll be working in the garden." She said she would be working in the garden.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Form
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If it had rained If you had worked harder	Perfect conditional you would have got wet you would have passed the exam.

Perfect conditional - form
The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle):

Subject	would	perfect infinitive
He They	would would	have gone... have stayed...
Affirmative
I	would	have believed ...
Negative
She	wouldn't	have given...
Interrogative
Would	you	have left...?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	he	have been...?

Example: to go, Past conditional

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I would have gone	I wouldn't have gone	Would I have gone?
You would have gone	You wouldn't have gone	Would you have gone?
He would have gone	She wouldn't have gone	Would it have gone?
We would have gone	We wouldn't have gone	Would we have gone?
You would have gone	You wouldn't have gone	Would you have gone?
They would have gone	They wouldn't have gone	Would they have gone?

In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.

Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken "but..." phrase:

• If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam
  (but I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the exam).
• If I'd known you were coming I'd have baked a cake
  (but I didn't know, and I haven't baked a cake).

NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in the IF-clause, so in the example above, "If I'd known" must be "If I had known", and "I'd have baked" must be "I would have baked.."

Examples:

a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.
c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't have lost the game.
d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd have sent you an e-mail.
e. Would you have bought an elephant if you'd known how much they eat?

PERFECT CONDITIONAL, CONTINUOUS

1. Perfect conditional, continuous - Form
This tense is composed of two elements: the perfect condtional of the verb 'to be' (would have been) + the present participle (base+ing).

Subject	would have been	base+ing
I We	would have been would have been	sitting swimming
Affirmative
I	would have been	studying.
Negative
You	wouldn't have been	living.
Interrogative
Would	we have been	travelling?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't	it have been	working?

Examples: to work, Past continuous conditional

Affirmative	Negative
I would have been working	I wouldn't have been working
You would have been working	You wouldn't have been working.
He would have been working	She wouldn't have been working
We would have been working	We wouldn't have been working
You would have been working	You wouldn't have been working
They would have been working	They wouldn't have been working
Interrogative	Interrogative negative
Would I have been working?	Wouldn't I have been working?
Would you have been working?	Wouldn't you have been working?
Would he have been working?	Wouldn't she have been working?
Would we have been working?	Wouldn't we have been working?
Would you have been working?	Wouldn't you have been working?
Would they have been working?	Wouldn't they have been working?

2. Function
This tense can be used in Type 3 conditional sentences. It refers to the unfulfilled result of the action in the if-clause, and expresses this result as an unfinished or continuous action. Again, there is always an unspoken "but.." phrase:

• If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), I'd have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn't and so I didn't see him).
• If she hadn't got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn't).

Examples:

• If I'd had a ball I would have been playing football.
• If I'd had any money I'd have been drinking with my friends in the pub that night.
• If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff.
• She wouldn't have been wearing a seat-belt if her father hadn't told her to.

MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

It is possible for the two parts of a conditional sentence to refer to different times, and the resulting sentence is a "mixed conditional" sentence. There are two types of mixed conditional sentence:

A. Present result of past condition:

1. Form
The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect If I had worked harder at school If we had looked at the map	Present conditional I would have a better job now. we wouldn't be lost.

2. Function
In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. They express a situation which is contrary to reality both in the past and in the present:
'If I had worked harder at school' is contrary to past fact - I didn't work hard at school, and 'I would have a better job now' is contrary to present fact - I haven't got a good job.
If we had looked at the map (we didn't), we wouldn't be lost (we are lost).

Examples:

• I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job.
• If you'd caught that plane you'd be dead now.
• If you hadn't spent all your money on CDs, you wouldn't be broke.

B. Past result of present or continuing condition.

1. Form
The tense in the If-clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:

'IF' CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past If I wasn't afraid of spiders If we didn't trust him	Perfect conditional I would have picked it up. we would have sacked him months ago.

2. Function
In these sentences the time in the If-clause is now or always, and the time in the main clause is before now. They refer to an unreal present situation and its probable (but unreal) past result:

• 'If I wasn't afraid of spiders' is contrary to present reality - I am afraid of spiders, and 'I would have picked it up' is contrary to past reality - I didn't pick it up.
• 'If we didn't trust him' is contrary to present reality - we do trust him, and 'we would have sacked him' is contrary to past reality - we haven't sacked him.

Examples:

a. If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat.
b. I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.
c. If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch.
d. If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by now.